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Exprimer la voix passive (passive voice)
On utilise les structures ci-dessous pour chaque temps :
- Present simple (am – are – is + past participle)
Ex : In city, the air is extremely polluted.
En ville, l'air est extrêmement pollué.
- Present continuous (am – are – is + being + past participle)
Ex : A solution is being found to the problem.
Une solution est en train d'être trouvée au problème.
- Present perfect simple (have – has + been + past participle)
Ex : The money has been stolen.
L'argent a été volé.
- Past simple (was – were + past participle)
Ex : The criminals were arrested.
Les criminels furent arrêtés.
- Past continuous (was – were + being + past participle)
Ex : The rainforests were being cut down.
Les forêts tropicales étaient en train d'être abattues.
- Past perfect simple (had + been + past participle)
Ex : This bridge had been built by the colonizer.
Ce pont avait été construit par le colonisateur.
- Simple future (will + be + past participle)
Ex : A meeting will be held with all the partners.
Une réunion sera tenue avec tous les partenaires.
- Modal verbs (modal + be + past participle)
Ex : Laws must be respected in any country.
Les lois doivent être respectées dans tous les pays.
Nota bene : We generally use the passive voice when we are not interested in the person who does the action or when we do not know the doer of an action.
- Impersonal passive, pour cette forme impersonnelle il y a en effet deux possibilités mentionées ci- dessous :
It is/was said that ……
subject +passive verb +to-infinitive
Nota bene : The impersonal passive is used to report what is said by people or by an unspecified group of people. The common verbs used in impersonal passive are: say – believe – report – declare – suggest – consider – announce – claim – propose – mention – etc)
Ex :
- It is said that this politician is a good leader.
On dit que ce politicien est un bon dirigeant. - This politician is said to be a good leader.
On dit de ce politicien qu'il est un bon dirigeant.
Passer du discours direct (Direct speech) au discours rapporté/indirect (reported speech)
Nous faisons les changements de temps ci-dessous quand le verbe introducteur (reporting verb) est au passé :
- Simple present → Preterit
- Present continuous→ Past continuous
- Present perfect→ Past perfect
- Future simple→ Present conditional
- Preterit→ Past perfect or preterit
- Past perfect → Past perfect
- Past continuous→ Past perfect continuous / Past continuous
- Will → Would, Can → could, Shall → Should, May → Might, Must → had to, etc.
Les 'time expressions', 'place expressions' et 'determiners' changent du discours direct au discours rapporté ( indirect)
Today → That day
Now → Then
Yesterday →The previous day or the day before
Last week/month → The previous week/month or the week/month before
Ago → before
Tomorrow → The following day/The day after/The next day.
Next month /year → The following month/year or The month/year after
Tonight → That night
Here → There
This → that
These → those
Les pronoms et adjectifs changent du direct speech au indirect speech
Reporting statements (affirmative and negative sentences)
Subject + reporting verb + [(that) + subject + verb + object]
Ex :
- ''I am not satisfied with my school results.''
Mary said that she was not satisfied with her school results. - ''I will explain again the rule tomorrow.''
Mr. Diouf said he would explain again the rule the following day.
Reporting wh/h questions
Subject + reporting verb + (object) + [Question-word + subject + Verb + object]
Ex :
Teacher : ''Where are you living, Amy?''
Amy : The teacher asked me where I was living.
NB : Quand une question est mise au discours raporté (reported speech), il n'y a pas d'inversion du sujet.
Reporting Yes/ No questions
Subject + reporting verb + (object) + [If + subject + verb + object]
Ex : ''Have you done the homework ?''
The teacher asked us if we had done the homework.
Reporting orders, commands, requests, advice, etc.
Subject + reporting verb + (object) + [to-infinitive + object]
Subject + reporting verb + (object) + [not to-infinitive + object]
Ex :
- ''Open your books.''
The teacher asked the students to open their books. - ''Don't disturb the class!''
The teacher ordered us not to disturb the class.
